The Lighthouse Journal of Social Sciences

The BRI & the CPEC: An Economic & Strategic Reconfiguration

Saeeda Khan — 2025-06-30

The transition from coal to oil unleashed modern capitalism anchored in supply-chain(s). Consequently, business organizations were born along with the Management and Chemical Sciences, to commence with. The academic disciplines proliferated to match the rise of the Hydro Carbon Man and oil based global society. Oil went metaphysical. The post-World War II (WWII) world was an American configured supply-chain with Europe and East Asia as the Eurasian centers of gravity. It was a world-order radiating influence across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. America dominated the chain economically and strategically, until, the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) challenged to reconfigure the configuration. The BRI is an on-going mapping of the Chinese world-order and the concomitant supply-chain. The six-corridors including the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and the three sea-routes are structural frameworks across Eurasia, Mediterranean Sea, Africa and the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It involves the higher, middle and lower ends of the entire supply-chain. China is creating a new map of the world, a new world-order as China perceives it. There is an Orbit. Chinese perception is trans-cultural. It is truly global. The Made in China 2025 concept and the brands symbolize. The strategic-management of a management-chain manifests an intended supply-chain. The idea is to organize things in a certain way. The objective is to create a new world economy with China as its pulsating heart. Plus, China is already vital to the global manufacturing value chain. The perception of CPEC is melodious of all melodies. Also, Eurasia is central to the BRI, as it was to the post WWII America. The concepts of Indo-Pacific and Asiatic Mediterranean have also emerged as a supply chain anchored in the Quadrilateral Security Initiative (Quad). The interests are clashing. The unleashing of tariffs and counter-tariffs indicate, not to mention the arms sales and strategic undertakings. Washington and Beijing have embarked upon different paths. Both the initiatives are geo-political. The context is global politics. Eurasia is the strategic fulcrum. Besides, Russia perceives itself as the Eurasian centre of gravity. The inner core of Eurasia is a challenge. Europe also is a player. Likewise, the Indian perceptual arc stretches from Suez Canal to Malacca Strait. And the Japanese with their history and infrastructure projects are not far behind. The reality is power and influence. The absence of pre-determinism is curious. Uncertainty is an inductive fact. The strategic environment is competitive. A gap exists on the theme in knowledge. This macro-level paper with empiric-analytic reason as a method will add to the perspective to help make decisions.

British Colonial Imprints on Pakistan’s Western Borderland

Khan Zeb — 2025-06-30

Colonialism in the Indian sub-continent was a continued source of violence, exploitation, and political subjugation. The British rulers in India had instituted various laws and regulations for various region and people to secure their own political interests. The legal framework for the western borderland- Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR) - was different in nature and practices from the rest of the British India. Instead of incorporation the democratic and modern political values the British instituted and enforced a regulation, Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR), which was very contrary to the British political system and values of freedom and justice. The FCR triggered violence, subjugation, political repression, and socio-economic marginalization in Pakistan’s border region. The paper qualitatively examined the motivation behind the colonial regulation and perspectives on colonial system from the lenses of postcolonial scholarship. The study investigates the political and strategic interests of the state in the region and the representation of the people to justify the ruthless use of power through colonial regulation-FCR. Furthermore, the research examines the implications of the FCR on the socio-economic and political landscape of the border region.

Balancing Internet Freedom and National Security in Pakistan: A Case of Censorship and Cybersecurity

Shahid Akbar — 2025-07-01

This article aims to examine the cybersecurity and censorship policies in Pakistan and their impact on internet freedom. It also seeks to analyse the tactics for achieving a harmonious balance between online freedom and security. The emergence of the internet has brought out several challenges for contemporary society, including the need to strike an appropriate balance between the liberties afforded by the virtual world and the risks posed by cybersecurity. The Pakistani government has enacted censorship legislation to regulate online material in order to protect against cybercrimes, promote social ethics, and ensure national security. Nevertheless, these limitations pose a potential threat to individuals' digital rights. This study concludes that achieving a delicate balance between internet freedom and national security in Pakistan is a multifaceted but important undertaking.

Equipping Future Educators: A Case-Based Evaluation of Pre-Service Teacher Training Programs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Shahid Ali — 2025-06-30

This study is pitched at building an understanding that how the teacher training programs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are preparing its primary school teachers to meet the primary schooling needs. For the same purpose, the study assessed the gap between pre-service teacher training programs and classroom needs in light of survey information to find guidance for policy. The study is targeting the most essential gaps to be included in pre-service teacher training programs that can enhance primary teachers’ teaching capacity and resultantly could increase active learning of students at primary schooling level. Through a systematic literature review, the work went through systems and practices that operate around the world and what possible idealism is pursuable in Pakistan. This work went through multiple studies especially the ones conducted in Pakistan and likewise in other countries and identified some of the most thought provoking factors. The study adopts mixed methods and analyzes data qualitatively and quantitatively. Scientifically validated research instruments were utilized to assess in-service and pre-service primary school teachers, their trainers, their students, and pre-service teacher training centers in three main districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Survey data from the mentioned multiple respondents is collected using stratified random samples from Peshawar, Mardan, and Kohat districts. According to the findings, there is a measured gap between pre-service teacher training programs and classroom needs. This suggests a need to uplift technical information in training curricula and to enhance tech-skills of primary school teachers. The possible dividends of the using technology seem invisible. Teacher trainers seem to need more training. There is a need to set up instructional technology centers to lead the primary education department to efficiently use and integrate computing tools, systems and applications in the rapidly changing educational environment. These findings question the availability of funds to uplift training programs of primary school teachers but also signify implications for policy makers who should take the primary schooling of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to a more modern and competitive level.

Narcissism and Moral Identity: A Study of Undergraduate Learners

Iqra Islam — 2025-06-30

Narcissism and moral identity are crucial components in shaping attitudes and personalities. The current study explored the relationship between narcissism and moral identity among Undergraduate students. A cross-sectional study design was used to collect data from Undergraduate students. Data were collected from various departments of the Government Postgraduate College for Boys and the University of Haripur using a purposive convenient sampling technique. The sample consisted of 300 students, including both male and female participants from the first and eighth semesters. Two reliable instruments were used: the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16 and the Moral Identity Questionnaire. The main findings of the study revealed a significant negative correlation between moral identity and narcissism. Results showed that female students scored higher on moral identity and lower on narcissism compared to male students. Additionally, eighth-semester’s students scored significantly higher on moral identity and lower on narcissism than first-semester students. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of organizing programs and seminars aimed at enhancing students’ moral identity and reducing narcissistic behaviors. In this way, students can better internalize moral values and engage in positive actions, contributing to the development of a more civilized society.

Behind the Screen: Exploring Cyber Harassment, Self-Esteem, and Emotional Strain among College Students in District Haripur

Aneesa Arshad — 2025-06-30

This study explored the relationship between cyber harassment victimization, self-esteem, and psychological distress among college students in district Haripur. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using convenient sampling, with data collected from 300 students (150 males and 150 females) from different colleges of District Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The participants completed three standardized instruments: the Cyber Harassment Assessment Scale (Pereira et al., 2016), the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (Kessler et al., 2003), and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965). Independent sample t-test results showed that female students reported higher levels of cyber harassment and psychological distress, whereas male students reported higher levels of self-esteem. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive association between cyber harassment and psychological distress, and significant negative associations between cyber harassment and self-esteem, as well as between psychological distress and self-esteem. These findings highlight the psychological vulnerabilities associated with cyber harassment and underscore the need for targeted interventions among students.

Impact of Procrastination on College Management: A Gender-Based Comparative Study of Government Colleges in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Naeem Akhtar — 2025-06-30

This study aims to assess and compare the level of procrastination among principals and vice Principals of public sector colleges operating under the Higher Education Department across various districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A structured questionnaire was administered to 100 randomly selected respondents—50 from male colleges and 50 from female colleges—drawn from districts including Abbottabad, Mansehra, Haripur, Battagram, Swabi, Peshawar, Swat, Malakand, Dir, Kohat, and Chitral. The instrument focused on measuring procrastination in decision-making under pressing circumstances, utilizing a Procrastination Quotient (PQ) calculated from weighted responses across four agreement levels. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2013, and findings were presented through descriptive statistics, tables, and graphs. Results reveal a significant prevalence of procrastination among college administrators, with male college principals demonstrating relatively lower PQ scores compared to their female counterparts. This suggests that male administrators exhibit more effective time management and decision-making practices. In contrast, higher procrastination levels in female colleges may be influenced by a combination of psychological, institutional, and socio-familial factors. While the current study focuses specifically on gender-based differences in procrastination, future research may extend to broader institutional, psychological, and organizational dynamics influencing college leadership performance. The study concludes that procrastination is a key barrier to efficient college administration, particularly in female-led institutions. It provides a foundation for future research and underscores the need for targeted administrative training, leadership development, and time management interventions to enhance governance in KP’s higher education sector.

Targeting Age-Related Insecurities: A Rhetorical Analysis of Anti-Aging Product Marketing by Pakistani Brands on Instagram

Beenish Urooj — 2025-06-30

This study conducts a rhetorical analysis of Pakistani beauty brands on Instagram that market anti-aging products. Using Aristotle’s model of rhetorical analysis, the research examines advertisements from eight Pakistani skincare brands. The qualitative analysis identifies prominent emotional appeals such as fear and desire, along with rhetorical devices that reinforce age-related insecurities. Advertisers frequently use metaphor, hyperbole, and personification, with hyperbole being the most common device, often making exaggerated claims about reversing signs of aging overnight. The findings reveal that these advertisements promote anti-aging products as essential solutions to avoid aging, thereby intensifying societal pressure on women to maintain a youthful appearance. The study concludes that such rhetoric may negatively impact the mental health of middle-aged women by normalizing the belief that aging is undesirable. These findings underscore the need for ethical marketing practices and further research on the psychological effects of anti-aging advertisements.

Vague Laws and Digital Censorship: The Constitutional Challenges of the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) Amendments, 2025

Johar Wajahat — 2025-06-30

The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA), 2016, recent amendments in 2025 have set off a major debate regarding their consequences for freedom of expression and right to fair trial in Pakistan. This study analyzes the vague and overbroad provisions that are included in the amendments, focusing on their possibility of government overreach, arbitrary use, and digital censorship. Through the examination of pivotal provisions of the said Act i.e. Section 26A (criminalization of disinformation), Section 2R (powers of the Social Media Protection and Regulatory Authority), and Section 2C (censorship of content), this paper analyzes their constitutional validity in light of Articles 19, 19A, and 10A of the Constitution of Pakistan,1973. Employing the Vague for Vagueness doctrine, the research contends that such amendments are not clearly articulated in law, posing a high risk of discriminatory application and the stifling of dissident voices. The study highlights that PECA’s expanded state control over digital expression lacks adequate procedural guarantees, disproportionately affecting the media, activists, and ordinary citizens. The results show that these amendments undermine fair procedures, equal rights of trial, and democratic transparency by giving unrestricted powers to regulators. To address these constitutional challenges, the research calls for legislative reforms and greater transparency in digital governance to ensure that the PACE is in line with Pakistan's constitutional guarantees on freedom of speech and the right to information.

The Human Cost of Industry: Examining the Consequences of Poor Working Conditions on Labourers and their Families

Nasar Jalil — 2025-06-30

This study reveals the challenges faced by the industrial labourers along with the consequences on labourers and their families. Bad working conditions with its impacts were analyzed in detail. A sample size of 384 respondents were targeted from the locale of the study by sample random sampling. The study was carried out using quantitative and qualitative approaches with high focus on discovery, explanation, hypotheses testing and verification. The collected data was interpreted and presented by univariate and bivariate way. The strength of association between dependent (industrial labourers’ life) and independent (bad working conditions) variables was accessed through Chi-square test. A significant relationship was found among the parameters of independent variable and labourers’ life. It was concluded that bad working conditions have greatly restricted industrial labourers’ choices. That is why they have limited access to education and health. They are prone to child labour, unemployment and psychological suffering. The research was supported by the arguments concerning the exploitation of labourers (Proletariats) by the industrialists (Bourgeois) globally.

Women Leaders in Nonprofit Organizations: Work-Life Balance from a Life-Course Perspective

Farangis Azim — 2025-06-30

In this research, it is the life-course theory that is examined on how it influences work-life balance tactics used by women leaders in those nonprofit-making organizations. The study focuses on how women leaders juggle between their professional and family demands in the light of identity, relational style, motivation, and adaptive style dimensions. Based on the qualitative data that includes semi-structured interviews and participant observations, the research points out some of the strategies that could lead to work-life balance in women, including mentorship, flexible work schedules, time management, and support systems. The results point to the critical role organizational flexibility and relational support play in helping women leaders balance their professional leadership responsibilities and personal life. The research adds to the body of knowledge on the gender, leadership, and the work-life balance, promising practical advice to nonprofit organizations that aim at helping gender leaders between the warring priorities of career and family duties. Using life-course theory, this study highlights how changing personal and professional identities influence the leadership experiences of women and their capacity to find a healthy balance between work and life.

Rethinking Democracy: A Historical and Theoretical Exploration of its True Essence

Muhammad Arshad Mehmood — 2025-06-30

This research paper is an attempt to asses expanding role and essence of democracy with reference to historical developments, ideological principles and conceptual variations. Main purpose of this study is to asses whether democracy is just a political ideology and a form of government or its role is expanding in other aspects of human life. For this purpose, the researchers revisit democratic history and ideals to dig out the aim of study. It is revealed how a liberal, vigilant and educated society is the backbone of democracy. Study also provides a brief account of historical progress and philosophical foundations of democratic governance, particularly focusing on the role of popular sovereignty, equality, and liberty. Study highlights the expanding scope of democracy as moulder of individual behaviour, knitting of new social fabric and an agent of cultural change. This paper briefly assesses the theoretical debates among key philosophers such as Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau and their impact on democratic development through major revolutions and constitutional changes. The paper aim is to present a consolidated view of democracy by combining classical political theory with contemporary democratic practices. This study was conducted with the help of qualitative method and textual content analysis technique. Historical and philosophical approaches are applied as basic frame work to assess core issues.

The Impact of Reward System on Employee Performance, Motivation and Retention in Non-Profit Organizations

Benazir Awan — 2025-06-30

The study aimed for an in-depth qualitative understanding of the reward system within Pakistan's non-profit sector, adopting a qualitative case study methodology with interviews, observations, and document review across two organizations. The literature indicates a lack of study on reward systems in Pakistan's non-profit sector, despite being the critical component to organizational design. The objective of the study was to investigate and understand the impact of reward system in optimizing employee performance, motivation, and retention in non-profit organizations. This relationship is examined through the lens of expectancy theory. Twenty respondents from two non-governmental organizations were interviewed using a semi-structured approach. The findings suggest that a well-designed reward system leads to effective performance and motivates employees at the workplace. Additionally, employee satisfaction with rewards encourages them to stay with the organization, implying that organizations should prioritize attractive and equitable reward systems.

Facets of Accountability in the Perspective of Pakistan (1999-2008): Problems and Prospects

Syed Fakharuddin Shah — 2025-06-30

Accountability is a significant topic that needs thorough examination to understand its limitations and possibilities. This paper aims to elucidate the concept of accountability from the viewpoint of Pakistan and to investigate the relationships among the different elements of accountability and their effects on the political system. This elucidates the phenomenon of four-dimensional accountability from the viewpoint of Pakistan from 1999 to 2008. Accountability in Pakistan is broadly categorized as legal, social, administrative, and political accountability. The article has examined several facets of the weak democratic accountability process in Pakistan. It is fraught with drawbacks that far surpass its advantages. Every dimension is burdened with significant limitations. Consequently, this delineates a worst-case scenario resembling an obstacle course of accountability. The decline in several aspects of the accountability framework has been noticed in Pakistan. This paper has used an interpretivist research technique owing to its pertinence to the contextual nature of accountability inside organizations and agencies in Pakistan. This paper aids in understanding intriguing situations and important concerns.

From Liberal to Radical Feminist Resistance in Pakistan: A Comparative Analysis of Women’s Action Forum (1981) and Aurat March (2018)

Humaira Riaz — 2025-06-30

Women’s struggle for emancipation has significantly influenced the political history of Pakistan since its founding. The development of feminist movements in Pakistan, across social, religious, and political spheres, offers a foundation for this study. Qualitative in approach, this research examines feminist resistance from the 1980s to the emergence of Aurat March in 2018. It particularly focuses on the Women’s Action Forum (WAF) and Aurat March (AM) as key movements driving a shift from a liberal to a more radical feminist perspective. Using a narrative review method, the study compares the two feminist movements to provide a qualitative interpretation of existing scholarship on the subject. It highlights issues and sub-issues to compare and contrast their strategies, rhetoric, and challenges. The study also refutes the idea that Aurat March is simply a continuation of the Women’s Action Forum. It demonstrates that, although Aurat March follows the legacy of WAF, it broadens its agenda to encompass a wider range of gender issues and tactics aimed at achieving solutions. It contributes to enhancing the scholarly understanding and feminist discourse in Pakistan by responding to the unique local challenges. Overall, the study reflects a shift in perspective across political, technological, and cultural domains.